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Biología reproductiva y alternancia del aguacate Hass en el trópico andino de Caldas
dc.contributor.advisor | Hurtado-Salazar, Alejandro | |
dc.contributor.author | Arias García, Juan Sebastián | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2023-10-02T19:21:37Z | |
dc.date.available | 2024-07-31 | |
dc.date.available | 2023-10-02T19:21:37Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2023-09-29 | |
dc.identifier.uri | https://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co/handle/ucaldas/19628 | |
dc.description | Ilustraciones, fotos | spa |
dc.description.abstract | spa:La diversidad y plasticidad genética, la composición nutricional, el sabor, los usos y el potencial agroindustrial, sumado a la identidad cultural que el aguacate posee, ha permitido que sea actualmente uno de los frutales con mayor importancia económica en el mundo. Para el año 2020 la producción mundial de aguacate se estimaba por encima de las 8 millones de toneladas, y el crecimiento en aréa sembrada en los últimos años permite hablar de unas 800.000 hectáreas, así mismo, se prevé que el mercado mundial de aguacate crezca a una tasa anual compuesta del 6,2% durante el periodo 2017-2027. El aumento significativo en la producción de aguacate a nivel global ha estado ligado especialmente al interés por el cultivar ‘Hass’. En Colombia, el crecimiento ha sido vertiginoso en las áreas destinadas a la producción de este cultivar, pasando de 13.000 hectáreas en 2015 a más de 30.000 en 2021, y unas 40.000 en 2022. Estas cifras permiten evidenciar una realidad alentadora y un panorama promisorio para la industria aguacatera en Colombia, sin embargo, la investigación y la adopción de tecnologías para el adecuado acompañamiento técnico del cultivo no crece a la misma velocidad que lo hacen las áreas sembradas. Numerosos estudios han demostrado que la producción de aguacate presenta varias limitaciones; entre ellas se encuentra la caída de la flor, el escaso cuajado, la caída de frutos pequeños y grandes, los cambios en la calidad del fruto, y el fenómeno de la alternancia productiva o añerismo que implica cosechas abundantes seguidas de cosechas escasas. Los eventos mencionados anteriormente tienen en común la influencia directa que ejercen sobre ellos los factores ambientales, ya que estos influyen en todos los aspectos del crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas y determinan la medida en que se alcanza el potencial genotípico. Con el objetivo de aportar al manejo sostenible del cultivo y al fortalecimiento de la cadena productiva del aguacate, se estudió la biología reproductiva y la alternancia del aguacate ‘Hass’ en dos zonas del centro-sur y el norte del departamento de Caldas, evaluando la fenología de los árboles, la influencia de los diferentes cuadrantes del árbol en la incidencia de los factores ambientales y la retención de frutos, la determinación irreversible a floración de yemas apicales de los brotes, así como las concentraciones de almidón en diferentes partes del árbol y su efecto en la calidad de la flor y la retención de frutos, todo esto bajo la influencia de condiciones climáticas propias de las zonas de estudio. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio permiten evidenciar diferencias en la fenología del árbol de aguacate en las dos zonas evaluadas, el número de yemas apicales de brotes laterales con destino reproductivo y vegetativo, la fenología de la floración, las unidades de calor acumuladas, el crecimiento de las raíces, y las variables climáticas, presentaron comportamientos diferenciales según la altitud de la zona. Así mismo, al evaluar distintas variables ambientales y productivas en los cuadrantes del árbol considerando las dos zonas contrastantes, se encontraron diferencias significativas en la incidencia de PAR, temperatura ambiental, humedad del aire, peso y diámetro del fruto según la ubicación cardinal en el árbol y la localidad, la rugosidad epidérmica del fruto fue mayor en la zona de menor altitud. La ubicación en los diferentes cuadrantes y la incidencia de los factores ambientales tuvo efecto en el cuajado, la retención final, el tamaño y la calidad del fruto en las dos zonas altitudinales. La mayor retención de frutos se obtuvo a 1.900 m.s.n.m. en los cuadrantes norte y oeste, mientras que el peso y diámetro de los frutos fueron mayores a 2.400 m.s.n.m. Dentro de las hipótesis que tratan de explicar el fenómeno de la alternancia productiva, se encuentra la gestión por parte del árbol de los carbohidratos de reserva de un año a otro, además, el almidón se considera uno de los carbohidratos más importantes asociados a la calidad de la flor y la retención de frutos. Por tanto, al evaluar en este estudio el efecto de las concentraciones de almidón en diferentes partes del árbol y la retención de frutos en las dos zonas contrastantes, se evidenció que aunque las concentraciones de almidón en raíces, tronco y brotes no mostraron diferencias estadísticas entre las dos zonas, el almidón presente en los troncos, considerado de reserva, presentó concentraciones menores en Aranzazu. Así mismo, se observaron diferencias significativas en la retención de frutos y en los niveles de almidón en los ovarios de las flores en las dos zonas evaluadas. Con estos resultados se corrobora que existe una relación directa entre los niveles de almidón y la retención inicial y final de frutos, ya que Aranzazu presentó niveles altos y medios de almidón en mayor proporción en las flores, y fue precisamente en esta zona donde se reportaron mayores valores iniciales y de cosecha de frutos retenidos. Como estrategia de manejo de la alternancia productiva, en estudios previos proponen regular los flujos de crecimiento y en especial la intensidad de las floraciones a partir de diferentes estrategias como el uso de podas, anillado de ramas, uso de portainjertos y aplicación de reguladores de crecimiento. Sin embargo, para garantizar el éxito de estas prácticas es importante conocer previamente el momento en el que las yemas apicales de los brotes están comprometidas irreversiblemente a floración. Con este propósito, en este estudio se propuso determinar el estadio de yema apical en el cual la diferenciación a floración fue irreversible, evaluando características macroscópicas y microscópicas en yemas obtenidas bajo las condiciones del trópico andino colombiano. El estudio permitió encontrar diferencias significativas entre los diferentes estadios de las yemas evaluadas, encontrándose que las yemas de los estadios 3 y 4 de los brotes sometidos a anillado y defoliación ya habían recibido la señal bioquímica que determina la transición a la fase reproductiva. Así mismo, la evaluación microscópica de las yemas colectadas mostró que las características anatómicas de una yema con compromiso irreversible a floración son similares en el trópico andino a las estudiadas en zonas subtropicales. Finalmente, queriendo indagar las razones por las que se presentaban diferencias en el crecimiento de las raíces de ambas zonas, se decidió evaluar el efecto de la textura del suelo, las tasas de infiltración, la tensión del suelo, la proporción de arena y su clasificación en los suelos de las zonas evaluadas, encontrando que no hubo diferencias estadísticas en las tasas de infiltración entre la gotera del árbol y los caminos de los cultivos, ni en las tasas de infiltración por huerto. Se concluyó que el crecimiento de las raíces se vio restringido en los suelos con menor infiltración y mayor proporción de arenas finas, que para este caso fue el suelo de la zona de Aranzazu a 1.900 m.s.n.m. Los resultados de este estudio permiten aportar al conocimiento de la ecofisiología del árbol, el comportamiento de la biología reproductiva y la alternancia del aguacate ‘Hass’ en el trópico andino colombiano, así como al desarrollo de técnicas de manejo adecuadas para el cultivo, que promuevan el aumento de los rendimientos, el fortalecimiento de la sostenibilidad, y el mejoramiento de la calidad del fruto. | spa |
dc.description.abstract | eng:The diversity and genetic plasticity, nutritional composition, flavor, uses and agro- industrial potential, added to the cultural identity that the avocado possesses, has made it one of the most economically important fruit trees in the world. By 2020, world avocado production is estimated to exceed 8 million tons, and the growth in planted area in recent years allows us to talk about 800,000 hectares, likewise, the world avocado market is expected to grow at a compound annual rate of 6.2% during the period 2017-2027. The significant increase in avocado production globally has been linked especially to the interest in the 'Hass' cultivar. In Colombia, the growth has been vertiginous in the areas destined to the production of this cultivar, going from 13,000 hectares in 2015 to more than 30,000 in 2021, and about 40,000 in 2022. These figures show an encouraging reality and a promising outlook for the avocado industry in Colombia; however, research and the adoption of technologies for the adequate technical support of the crop is not growing at the same speed as the planted areas. Numerous studies have shown that avocado production has several limitations; among them are flower drop, low fruit set, small and large fruit drop, changes in fruit quality, and the phenomenon of alternate bearing, which implies abundant harvests followed by low harvests. The events mentioned above have in common the direct influence exerted on them by environmental factors, since these influence all aspects of plant growth and development and determine the extent to which genotypic potential is reached. With the aim of contributing to the sustainable management of the crop and the consolidation of the avocado production chain, the reproductive biology and alternate bearing of 'Hass' avocado was studied in two zones of the center-south and north of the department of Caldas, evaluating the phenology of the trees, the influence of the different quadrants of the tree on the incidence of environmental factors and fruit retention, the irreversible determination at flowering of apical buds of the shoots, as well as the concentrations of starch in different parts of the tree and its effect on the quality of the flower and fruit retention, all this under the influence of climatic conditions typical of the study zones. The results obtained in this study show differences in the phenology of avocado trees in the two zones evaluated, the number of apical buds of lateral shoots with reproductive and vegetative destination, flowering phenology, accumulated heat units, root growth, and climatic variables, presented differential behaviors according to the altitude of the zone. Likewise, when evaluating different environmental and productive variables in the tree quadrants considering the two contrasting zones, significant differences were found in the incidence of PAR, environmental temperature, air humidity, weight and diameter of the fruit according to the cardinal location in the tree and the locality; the epidermal roughness of the fruit was greater in the zone of lower altitude. The location in the different quadrants and the incidence of environmental factors had an effect on fruit set, final retention, fruit size and fruit quality in the two altitudinal zones. The highest fruit retention was obtained at 1,900 m a.s.l. in the northern and western quadrants, while fruit weight and diameter were highest at 2,400 m a.s.l. Among the hypotheses that try to explain the phenomenon of productive alternation is the management by the tree of reserve carbohydrates from one year to another, and starch is considered one of the most important carbohydrates associated with flower quality and fruit retention. Therefore, when evaluating in this study the effect of starch concentrations in different parts of the tree and fruit retention in the two contrasting zones, it was found that although starch concentrations in roots, trunk and shoots did not show statistical differences between the two zones, the starch present in the trunks, considered as reserve starch, presented lower concentrations in Aranzazu. Significant differences were also observed in fruit retention and starch levels in the ovaries of the flowers in the two zones evaluated. These results corroborate that there is a direct relationship between starch levels and initial and final fruit retention, since Aranzazu presented high and medium levels of starch in a greater proportion in the flowers, and it was precisely in this zone where higher initial and harvest values of retained fruit were reported. Finally, wanting to investigate the reasons for the differences in root growth in both zones, it was decided to evaluate the effect of soil texture, infiltration rates, soil tension, sand proportion and its classification in the soils of the evaluated zones, finding that there were no statistical differences in the infiltration rates between the tree drip and the crop roads, nor in the infiltration rates per orchard. It was concluded that root growth was restricted in soils with lower infiltration and higher proportion of fine sands, which in this case was the soil of the Aranzazu zone at 1,900 m above sea level. The results of this study contribute to the knowledge of tree ecophysiology, reproductive biology and alternate bearing behavior of 'Hass' avocado in the Colombian Andean tropics, as well as to the development of appropriate management techniques for the crop that promote increased yields, strengthened sustainability, and improved fruit quality. | eng |
dc.description.tableofcontents | TABLA DE CONTENIDO LISTA DE FIGURAS / LISTA DE TABLAS / INTRODUCCIÓN / Literatura citada / CAPÍTULO I / 1. Revisión de literatura / 1.1 Diversidad genética del aguacate / 1.2 Historia del cultivar Hass / 1.3 Importancia económica del aguacate Hass / 1.4 Biología reproductiva del aguacate / 1.5 Dicogamia sincronizada protoginia / 1.6 Determinación Irreversible a floración / 1.7 Polinización y retención de frutos en aguacate / 41 1.8 Alternancia productiva / 1.9 Ecofisiología del aguacate Hass / 1.10 Temperatura / 1.11 Agua / 1.12 Luminosidad / 1.13 Suelo / 1.14 Literatura citada / CAPÍTULO II / 2. Current overview of Hass avocado in Colombia. Challenges and opportunities: a review / 2.1 Abstract / 2.2 Introduction / 2.3 Avocado cultivation in Colombia / 2.3.1 Characteristics / 2.3.2 Economic importance of avocado / 2.3.4 Hass avocado variety / 2.3.5 Hass avocado in Colombia. promotion and development of the crop / 2.3.6 International market of avocado Hass / 2.3.7 Social and economic limitations in the production of Hass avocado in Colombia / 12 2.3.8 Ecophysiology of avocado / 2.3.9 Rootstocks / 2.3.10 Pollinating insects / 2.3.11 Other production constraints / 2.3.12 Challenges and opportunities for the avocado production chain in Colombia / 2.4 CONCLUSION / 2.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / 2.6 REFERENCES / CAPÍTULO III / 3. Phenology of hass avocado in the Andean tropics of Caldas, Colombia / 3.1 Abstract / 3.2 Introduction / 3.3 Materials and methods / 3.3.1 Plant material / 3.3.2 Destination of apical buds of lateral shoots / 3.3.3 Relative intensity of lateral shoot growth / 3.3.4 Flowering phenology / 3.4 Results and Discussion / 3.4.1 Destination of apical buds of lateral shoots. / 3.4.6 Climate conditions in both areas under study / 3.4.6.1 Air temperatura / 3.4.6.2 Soil temperatura / 3.4.6.3 Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) / 3.5 Conclusion / 3.6 References / CAPÍTULO IV / 4. Quality, fruit retention and ecophysiology of 'Hass' avocado grown at two altitudes in the Andean tropics of Colombia / 4.1 ABSTRACT / 4.2 INTRODUCTION / 4.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS / 4.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION / 13 4.5 CONCLUSION / 4.6 Conflict of interests / 4.7 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES / CAPÍTULO V / 5. Irreversible determination at flowering in Hass avocado in the Andean tropics of Caldas, Colombia. / 5.1 ABSTRACT / 5.2 INTRODUCTION / 5.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS / 5.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION / 5.4.1 Girdling and defoliation of Hass avocado buds / 5.4.2 Microscopic evaluation of buds committed to flowering / 5.5 CONCLUSIONS / 5.6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS / 5.7 AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS / 5.8 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES / CAPÍTULO VI / 6. Starch concentrations in the tree and their effect on Hass avocado fruit retention in two contrasting zones in the Andean tropics of Caldas, Colombia. / 6.1 ABSTRACT / 6.2 INTRODUCTION / 6.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS / 6.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION / 6.4.1 Photosynthetically active radiation and luminosity / 6.4.2 Starch concentrations / 6.4.3 Fruit retention / 6.5 CONCLUSIONS / 6.6 Acknowledgments/ 6.7 Author Contributions / 6.8 References / CAPÍTULO VII / 14 7. Root growth, infiltration and sand proportion in Hass avocado crops in two contrasting soils of the Colombian Andean tropics. / 7.1 ABSTRACT / 7.2 INTRODUCTION / 7.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS / 7.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION / 7.4.1 Soil texture / 7.4.2 Classification of sands in two soils of the Colombian Andean tropics / 7.4.3 Soil tension and precipitation in two soils of the Colombian Andean tropics / 7.4.4 Infiltration rate in two soils cultivated with Hass avocado in the Colombian Andean tropics. / 7.4.5 Root growth of Hass avocado in two soils of the Colombian Andean tropics / 7.5 CONCLUSIONS / 7.6 References / CAPITULO VIII / 8. Conclusiones y recomendaciones | eng |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | spa |
dc.language.iso | eng | spa |
dc.language.iso | spa | spa |
dc.title | Biología reproductiva y alternancia del aguacate Hass en el trópico andino de Caldas | spa |
dc.type | Trabajo de grado - Doctorado | spa |
dc.contributor.referee | Pereira Da Silva Danielle | |
dc.contributor.referee | Cartagena Valenzuela José Régulo | |
dc.contributor.subjectmatterexpert | Iturrieta Espinoza Rodrigo | |
dc.description.degreelevel | Doctorado | spa |
dc.identifier.instname | Universidad de Caldas | spa |
dc.identifier.reponame | Repositorio Institucional Universidad de Caldas | spa |
dc.identifier.repourl | https://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co/ | spa |
dc.publisher.faculty | Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias | spa |
dc.publisher.place | Manizales | spa |
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dc.rights.accessrights | info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess | spa |
dc.rights.accessrights | info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess | spa |
dc.rights.accessrights | info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess | spa |
dc.rights.accessrights | info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess | spa |
dc.subject.proposal | Fenología | spa |
dc.subject.proposal | Retención de frutos | spa |
dc.subject.proposal | Ecofisiología | spa |
dc.subject.proposal | Carbohidratos de reserva | spa |
dc.subject.proposal | Determinación irreversible a floración | spa |
dc.subject.unesco | Cultivo | |
dc.type.coar | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06 | spa |
dc.type.content | Text | spa |
dc.type.driver | info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis | spa |
dc.type.version | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion | spa |
oaire.version | http://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aa | spa |
oaire.accessrights | http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cf | spa |
dc.description.degreename | Doctor(a) en Ciencias Agrarias | spa |
dc.publisher.program | Doctorado en Ciencias Agrarias | spa |
dc.description.researchgroup | Ecofisiología vegetal | spa |
dc.rights.coar | http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cf | spa |